Chemistry Glossary Definition of Heat of Fusion

Heat of Fusion Definition: The change in enthalpy for the conversion of 1 mole or 1 gram of a solid to a liquid, at constant pressure and temperature and is usually denoted as ΔHfus. Return to the Chemistry Glossary Index

Animal Testing Is Cruel And Unusual Punishment And Should...

Animal Testing Animal testing has been going on for years; however, few question the ethics of testing medicines that would cure human diseases on animals. Various animals being tested in labs and cruelly force them to be a host of harmful diseases negatively affect their health. Animal testing is cruel and unusual punishment and should discontinue. Animal experimentation is a subject that many know of but don’t know much about. Although it is a big topic, people still don’t pay much attention to it because of their lack of information. Experimenting is a cruel process that causes many innocent animals to suffer. Many cases of violations towards experimenting have been found as well. Testing on animals is unnecessary when laying down the†¦show more content†¦The survey was sent to twenty-three students asking whether they supported or did not support the discontinue of using animals in labs for experimentation. Twenty-two percent of students stated that they di d not support ending animal experimentation in labs, while the other seventy-eight percent did support it. Those who still support animal experimentation must not know what really goes on in labs and how cruel the tests may be. Animals feel pain just as humans feel pain and they might even feel more pain than we do because of how smaller the animal is. Some even have similar cognitive conditions as humans, such as depression or stress as stated, â€Å"Some chimpanzees previously used in biomedical research exhibited symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorders similar to those observed in human (â€Å"Animal Experimentation† no p. #).† Many animals in experimenting facilities have been forced to participate in cruel tests. According to the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, animals have been forced to inhale toxic fumes, their skin burned, their spinal cords crushed, skulls drilled in, isolated or immobilized for hours, and have died inhumanely or traumatized severely with little to no chance of recovery. The animals are isolated in cages, forced to suffer disease and injury, and eventually euthanized. Euthanasia is particularly practiced when experimenting with animals or in veterinary hospitals. It is theShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageswritten permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Stree t, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. To order books or for customer service please, call 1-800-CALL

The Thinking Behind Interactive Notebooks - 1083 Words

Introduction Interactive Notebooks are broadly utilized as a part of classrooms; some school systems have made them required for specific subjects while in other systems, instructors use them independently. The reason behind an interactive notebooks is to help students organize, and synthesize information given to them in class. The thinking behind Interactive notebooks started with instructional procedures, for example, note taking, idea mapping, and association of data as well as brain research about how students learn best. Interactive notebooks combine all of the research into one instructional strategy to advance student learning. Brief Review of Literature A significant amount of research has been done in the areas of learning styles, numerous intelligences and methods for note taking. To date there has been little research connected to Interactive Notebooks; this study will concentrate on the theories that support the utilization of interactive notebooks. When teachers choose to use Interactive Notebooks in their class rooms, they must be aware of the students learning style to better serve them. Note-Taking Strategies Note taking is something that is used in almost every classroom throughout the US. A learning strategy can be used to rehearse, organize, and elaborate on presented material to make it more meaningful (Kenny Schroeder, 1994). Note-taking has been a topic of research for the last 30 years and taking notes is a common classroomShow MoreRelatedCreating A Udl Instructional Plan1546 Words   |  7 PagesTogether with the student we will read the provided material again to listen to the rhyming words ïÆ'Ëœ Introduce and Model New Knowledge: - I will use basic reading concepts to demonstrate the reading - I will first ask them questions to provoke their thinking - I will demonstrate how to use the learning materials for students to know what is expected of them - I will demonstrate how to find vocabularies and rhyming words from the text ïÆ'Ëœ Provide Guided Practice: - I will use prompts, cues, and questions;Read MoreReflection Paper On Math And Science2185 Words   |  9 Pagestypically in middle and high school with teachers that simply lectured, and failed to guide us in any way. They did not create an environment that was positive or interactive. Based on my positive experiences as a student, I have been able to take some of their strategies with me in my own teaching such as being explicit and creating interactive activities. Our SPED 458 class has really helped to solidify my passion for math, and has given me a stronger interest in science. We have discussed various strategiesRead MoreA Curriculum Analysis Of The Glencoe Mcgraw Hill Texas Treasure Literature Curriculum Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pagesneeds of adolescents because of the advanced literacy needs of adults in the 21st century (Moje,2000). This curriculum is written in response to this, as well as A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform in 1983, and the No Chil d Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001. In 1983, A Nation at Risk, basically blamed educators for all that was not right in America, specifically mentioning our economic well-being. Therefore, an overhaul of the educational system began. 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Required Materials: †¢ Writing 150 Course Book (available at campus bookstore) †¢ Additional reading will be distributed in periodically (in class) †¢ A notebook for in-class notes and impromptu writing activities Course Requirements: Assignment Assignment Requirements % of Final Grade Writing Project 1 5-6 page essay 10% Writing Project 2 5-6 page essay 15% Writing Project 3 5-7 page essay 20% WritingRead MoreDell Executive Summary6023 Words   |  25 Pagescustomizes products and services to end-user requirements, and offers an extensive selection of peripherals and software. Dells complete range of high-performance computer systems include: Dell Dimension and OptiPlex desktop computers, Latitude notebook computers, and PowerEdge network servers. The companys products and services are sold in more than 140 countries and territories to customers extending from major corporations, government agencies and medical and educational institutions to smallRead MoreSpecial Education, Social Justice, And Effective Learning Environment For Students2700 Words   |  11 PagesAs we grow in education, it always seems as in there is someone that is left behind. Educators need to be able to reach out as many students as possible, but some may argue that it does not feel this way. Often, students with special education needs are considered to be too difficult to teach, or simple just a â€Å"lost cause.† The way we interact and care for all students not only shows in each student, but it shows in the impact it has on the community as a whole. Keywords: special education, socialRead MoreSwot Analysis of Sony2053 Words   |  9 Pagesimage. The company has presence in all the major countries. The Sony brand is well regarded amongst all the consumers. The brand awareness of the company is all also really good and is recognized in all the major markets. According to the Harris Interactive poll on consumer brands in the United States, Sony ranked number one during the 2001-2007 period. Sony also positioned as number one in the brand power index surveyed by the AlixPartners LLP (Datamonitor, 2008, p.5). Sony has beaten Johnson amp;

Othello Essay Research Paper The character of free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper The character of Iago is of extreme and polar importance to the drama as a whole. His character is brightly defined, giving him a quality that other characters in the narrative do non possess. Iago # 8217 ; s ability to project a at odds quality or emotion to the other characters enables him to work them. It is this quality that Shakespeare bestows on his scoundrel which enables him to order the secret plan so brightly. It is due to the mutuality of the drama # 8217 ; s characters that Othello allows single characters to falsely impute their ain features to others. What one character undertakings onto another is adopted by that other character. While Iago is enmeshed in a matrix of projection with the remainder of the drama # 8217 ; s characters, he besides consciously distances himself from the community plenty to detect and pull strings others. For this ground he is able to defy other character profiles and yet be able to affect his ain character on his victims. It is exactly Iago # 8217 ; s consciousness of the operation of this mechanism that makes him both the drama # 8217 ; s perfect scoundrel and the drama # 8217 ; s most influential character. The action of Othello is staged within a matrix of persons bound to one another with bonds of trust, where one single sets himself apart ( inside ) to function selfish, narrow terminals. Othello is a drama picturing each individual # 8217 ; s individualistic desires against the community as a whole ; much akin to the manner a shark attacks a school of fish. Iago # 8217 ; s strength ballad in the fact that while he undertakings his inward resentment outward to those around him, others project their ain positive qualities onto Iago. Iago identifies Othello # 8217 ; s exposure in his # 8220 ; free and unfastened nature. . .That thinks work forces honest that but seem to be so # 8221 ; ( 1.3.400-1 ) . His remark relates straight back to Othello # 8217 ; s statement to the Duke, # 8220 ; Please your Grace, my antediluvian. A adult male he is of honestness and trust # 8221 ; ( 1.3.286-7 ) . Here we see Othello projecting his ain features # 8211 ; honestness # 8211 ; onto Iago, and Iago taking note of this inclination and planning to take advantage of it. Iago # 8217 ; s acknowledgment of Othello # 8217 ; s trustful nature, nevertheless, allows Iago to project his intuitions onto Othello. The scene in which this takes topographic point, the # 8220 ; enticement # 8221 ; scene, is driven as much by Othello # 8217 ; s position of Iago as it is by Iago # 8217 ; s suggestions. Early on in the scene Othello says the following to # 8220 ; force # 8221 ; Iago to talk his head, # 8220 ; I think thou dost ; / And, for I know thou # 8217 ; rt full of love and honestness. . .Therefore these Michigans of thine fright me the more # 8221 ; ( 3.3.130-3 ) and concludes the scene B Y stating, ironically, â€Å"This fellow’s of transcending honestness, / And knows all qualities, with a erudite spirit / Of human dealing† ( 3.3.274-6 ) . There is no inquiry of Iago’s competency in managing those around him, but once more Othello projectively interprets this competency as an look of Iago’s â€Å"honesty.† Othello’s position of Iago made the success of Iago’s cunning possible, a fact even Iago recognized. The same phenomenon is at work in Iago # 8217 ; s relationship with Roderigo, although it is apparent merely in the velocity with which Roderigo is willing to accommodate Iago # 8217 ; s point of position. The drama # 8217 ; s opening lines consist of Roderigo # 8217 ; s complaint that Iago is keep backing his feelings. Iago employs the same technique with Roderigo that he does with Othello in Act 3. In both instances Iago # 8217 ; s self-judgment serves as the agencies by which his hearer is prepared to accept Iago # 8217 ; s remarks as truth # 8211 ; # 8220 ; nil this terrible could be true. # 8221 ; Iago says to Roderigo in Act 1, # 8220 ; If of all time I did dream of such a affair, Abhor me # 8221 ; ( 1.1.5-6 ) , and drives Othello about mad with the feeling that, # 8220 ; As if there were some monster in his idea / Too horrid to be shown # 8221 ; ( 3.3.121-2 ) . This is the beginning of Iago # 8217 ; s strength. Iago # 8217 ; s true character, one so foreign to t he swearing natures of the people environing him, places him above intuition even while he does uncover the monsters # 8220 ; in his thought. # 8221 ; As evidenced throughout Othello, the projection of Iago # 8217 ; s character is a polar driver to the patterned advance of the secret plan. He is the perfect scoundrel created by Shakespeare, a character of great misrepresentation and one with the ability to dissemble himself and yet mesh world with intangibles. He deceives Othello by working his # 8220 ; free and unfastened nature # 8221 ; and later fast ones Roderigo by working his lecherousness for Desdemona. It is merely imperative that Iago be the sculpturer of Othello. Iago # 8217 ; s complexness and diverseness enables him to order the important scenes in the drama and hence be the pigment for Shakespeare # 8217 ; s canvas. Relatively Bibliography patterned advance of the secret plan. He is the perfect scoundrel created by Shakespeare, a character of great misrepresentation and one with the ability to dissemble himself and yet mesh world with intangibles. He deceives Othello by working his # 8220 ; free and unfastened nature # 8221 ; and later fast ones Roderigo by working his lecherousness for Desdemona. It is merely imperative that Iago be the sculpturer of Othello. Iago # 8217 ; s complexness and diverseness enables him to order the important scenes in the drama and hence be the pigment for Shakespeare # 8217 ; s canvas. Relatively 315

Kashmir Floods and Disaster Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Kashmir Floods and Disaster Management. Answer: Introduction: The Kashmir Flood, India that occurred in the year of 2014, after five consecutive days of rain, had a disastrous impact on the lives leaving approximately 400 people dead, approximately six lakh people stranded as well as schools and other large buildings destroyed (Shah 2015). Considered to be the worst flood in the last hundred years, the natural disaster has clearly pointed out that lack of disaster preparedness on part of the government is primarily responsible for the catastrophe. The national government agency had been blamed largely owing to its callousness in dealing with natural disasters. Not only, is the government entrusted with implementing a variety of preventive measures so as to eliminate the potential risks involved, but it is also expected to raise the public awareness about the causes of flood, and the risks involved. As far as the preparedness of the risk Management authority was concerned, a striking lack of voluntary activists aggravated the problem. The state did not have enough boats in order to rescue the victims in proper time, and hence new boats had to be ferried from other states, ultimately leading to further delay in the rescue problem and aggravation of the problem . Further, despite the presence of various volunteers, the state had a huge dearth of trained, professional volunteers, or adequate staffs who could be actively engaged in eliminating the risks involved in the disaster. The absence of skilled manpower along with the lack o f advanced technology, employed by the government had failed to mitigate the impact of the disaster on the lives of the people (Gogoi 2014). Further, a large number of people had to seek shelter in different community run relief centers, and yet the volunteers or the government agencies were unable to get a consolidated list of rescued people. Hence, it became even difficult to identify the people who were being involved in the disaster as well. As far as the government of Jammu and Kashmir is concerned, the government did have a highly inefficient and outdated disaster and calamity Management policy, as a result of which once the disaster occurred, shortage of boats and bad weather kept many people stranded. Besides, it is not sufficient for the government to formulate and implement risk preventive measures, as it is equally important to engage the common people in research and development activities for the mitigation of the impacts of the disasters. However, in case of India, IGNOU is the only state that has been offering disaster management courses, as a result of which very few people are engaging in the research and development activities for mitigating the impact of flood here. Further, it is equally important to mention here that the Union Ministry of Water Resources of India does have a flood forecast system with more than 157 centers in India and yet there is no forecast system for one of the most flood prone state s of India- Jammu and Kashmir (Kumar 2017). As far as the US jurisdiction regarding the workplace safety is concerned, the Occupational Safety and Health Acts of 1970, has mandated that it is the responsibility of the employers to offer a safe environment to the employees. The FLSA Act of the USA clearly states that the employees working in an organization must be at least 18 years of age, and not below that. Similarly, the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 protects and safeguards the health and well-being of all the workers, engaged in mining and mineral processing activities. However, in order to avert the risks, the government acts do not incorporate any form of technological innovation to protect the lives of the employees. The employers under the OSH Act are directed to protect the employees from serious, recognized hazards and risks. However, while serious risks imply fatal accidents that can take a toll on the life of an employee, the recognized hazards may imply the risk of an employee of getting heavily injured. Howe ver, minor injuries caused by trip and fall, that can completely or partially disable and hurt the employer or occupational stress are not being covered under the OSHA Act. The issue of cockpit intrusion is indeed an odd case, and it cannot be predicted easily by the Management authority that a deranged man might barge in the pilots room, and intervene with the operational activity of the pilot. However, since in 2011 four similar incidents had occurred, the management must become doubly cautious regarding the safety of the cockpit door. Since similar incidents have already occurred before, the aircraft organizations must foresee the risks associated with the issue of cockpit intrusion, and should accordingly introduce reinforced, bullet proof doors, in order to prevent the intruders from barging in the cockpit. However, back in 2000, it might have seemed to be unlikely to expect a deranged man barging in the cockpit without any reason, Although the argument of foresee-ability can be justified to a considerable extent, for overall safety of the passengers, rules should have been imposed to ensure that the cockpit doors remain locked during the flight. A s far as the controllability of the issue is concerned, the management authority can easily control the risks involved. The pilots could be summoned and asked about their experiences regarding cockpit intrusion and accordingly feasible solutions could be implemented. Since a single co-pilot finds it difficult to get rid of the intruder, the provision of more than two co-pilots within the cockpit can also be highly effective. Since the cockpit door is the only barrier existing between the passenger and a pilot, at least one more security door can be installed, that can act as a fortification against the determined intruders. Besides, rules should also have been imposed to ensure that the cockpit doors remain locked during the flight. However, it was very reasonable for British Airways Boeing 747, that it was unable to predict and foresee the risks involved in keeping its door unlocked. The human made disaster that took place lives of four people created major question on the viability of the risk management that would have been the primary concern of the management of the park and the negligence of which has resulted in the massacre. Accidents are unnatural aspect of life on earth. There are certain desired and perfect circumstances that are rather regarded normal if we consider the damage and the ill effect that the particular accident might cause (Koubaridis et al. 2016). In case if the cause is behind normality, there raise the question on managing the risk factors and the ultimate situation that has lead to the disaster. The incident or rather the negligence of the authority of the park has ultimately leaded to the situation that took lives of the visitors. If the legal framework and the jurisdiction is taken into consideration, it has to be said that it falls under the responsibility of the management to undertake the safety measures at the workplace. Thus, the accident that occurred at Dreamworld could have easily been avoided in case proper precaution was undertaken. In case of an amusement park, the authorities should have undertaken proper approach and shall have conducted regular checks on the rides that the disaster could have been restricted (McKeith 2016). The common law says that an organization should provide a safe system to work and should also have a well trained supervisor who shall be responsible for the overall safety and regulation of the particular place. In addition to this, the Statute law also establishes the functions and rules to draw and maintain a comprehensive measure to take necessary precaution against any kind of faulty measure. The police after investigation had presented their view point and have claimed that the parks authority is completely responsible for the disaster that took place there and killed four. The park was shut down for a number of days as investigation was going on but soon within a span of one month, the park was reopened and it started operating like the same way as before. As evident from the reports, the experts have claimed that the disaster that took place in the park is indeed due to the negligence of the workers and authorities at the park. The accident could have been prevented if they were careful enough and had the basic instinct of understanding the importance of live that the accident has taken away. The risks to employees act, also states that for any kind of engineering bodies like cranes, vessels and other equipment, should be under the regulations in the Queensland, under the registration of professional engineers (Murray 2016). Therefore, it can be clearly claimed that the authorities of the part were much responsible for the accident that took place at the place. The experience of the Family ride would have been better and everyone would have been saved if the authority had performed their duties and had taken the necessary steps at the right time. The Dream world Disaster is one of the largest man-made disasters that had shocked everyone by the tragic, catastrophic death of the four members of a family, owing to the accident that happened on the Thunder River Rapids Ride. While a theme park is meant to amuse the visitors, the malfunctioning of the rides had led to the question that to what extent these rides are safe. The four members of the family were flipped out of the raft as the family ride got plagued by technical problems, ultimately taking a tool on the lives of the four members of the same family. There is no point denying the fact that the risk assessment methods would be of great use while managing the risks involved in case of the theme parks. First of all, it is important to assess and critically analyze the risks that can be involved in the rides, considering the design and structure and layout of the park as well as the rides, and accordingly the construction safety requirements must be evaluated. At present, the Australian government has introduced the Amusement Rides and Devices Australian Standard that lays out the mandatory rules and safety laws which each amusement ride operator must abide by. While assessing the risks involved in the theme park rides, the management authority must ensure that all the laws and rules are being conformed to. Each ride should be identified, and the risk involved should be evaluated, and accordingly the solutions or the preventive measures should be implemented (Withey 2016). Each risk factor should be identified and analyzed against ea ch ride, risks should range from intense physical injury risks, to minor risks such as nausea from jerks and accelerations should be identified. Special attention has to be provided to the design of locks and restraints or else unplanned release of locks can easily lead to unplanned release of locks ultimately leading to fatal accidents. Next, a risk assessment report would be used for identifying the risks according to the gravity of the risks involved, such as minor risks might include light injury risks, while moderate risks might include serious risk that would lead to hospital admission, and major risks would include fatalities. In order to address the risk matters in an effective way, it is highly important to hire at least two or three risk experts who would identify the risks and accordingly offer preventive measures for the same (Hanrahan 2016). At the same time, it is equally important to engage each ride owner in the risk assessment programs, so that they can be doubly cautious about the potential risks involved. Further, the consumers should be offered risk handouts before they avail the rides, that have been asse ssed to have risks ranging from moderate to severe levels. Reference List: Gogoi, E. 2014.Kashmir Flood Disaster How the Next One Could Be Avoided. [online] Available at: https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/09/12/kashmir-flood-disaster-how-the-next-one-could-be-avoided/ [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Hanrahan, J. 2016.From a near miss 30 years ago to a similar capsizing just months before fatal accident: Horror stories from Dreamworld's Thunder River Rapids ride revealed Read more: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3878712/Dreamworld-disaster-Horror-stories-revealed-doomed-Thunder-Rapids-Ride.html#ixzz4fdU9qdru Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3878712/Dreamworld-disaster-Horror-stories-revealed-doomed-Thunder-Rapids-Ride.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Koubaridis, A., Burke, L., and Willis, C., 2016 Couple missed Dreamworld disaster when they let others go ahead of them Available at: https://www.news.com.au/national/queensland/whole-family-wiped-out-in-dreamworld-tragedy/news-story/8d482a62c29ac586cb6faf31e2218bf2 [Accessed on: 29-4-2017] Kumar, R. 2017.Flood hazard and risk assessment of 2014 floods in Kashmir Valley: a space-based multisensor approach. [online] Springer Link. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-016-2428-4 [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. McKeith, S., 2016 Dreamworld Disaster: Police Complete Analysis Of Theme Park Site Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/11/06/dreamworld-disaster-police-complete-analysis-of-theme-park-site/ [Accessed on: 29-4-2017] Murray, W., 2016 Dreamworld: four confirmed dead at Australian theme park as it happened Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/live/2016/oct/25/dreamworld-four-people-critically-injured-at-australian-theme-park-live-updates [Accessed on: 29-4-2017] Shah, A. 2015.Kashmir Floods And Disaster Management OpEd. [online] Eurasia Review. Available at: https://www.eurasiareview.com/14102015-kashmir-floods-and-disaster-management-oped/ [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. The Conversation. (2017).Deaths at Dreamworld theme park could lead to safety changes for amusement rides. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/deaths-at-dreamworld-theme-park-could-lead-to-safety-changes-for-amusement-rides-67701 [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017]. Withey, A. 2016.Dreamworld deaths: Expert believes maintenance issue, not ride's age, as reason for deadly accident. [online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-26/dreamworld-accident-expert-points-to-maintenance-issues/7967020 [Accessed 29 Apr. 2017].

Rtgtg Research Paper Example Essay Example

Rtgtg Research Paper Example Paper That data includes, but is not limited to, student records, personnel records, business, and accounting records. The explosion of networks and Internet related informational activities means that this sensitive data is more conveniently available to authorized staff in ways undreamed of even a few years ago but is also at risk. M-DDCD must address the issue of the security of this data in such a way that all avenues of access are strictly controlled and that the privacy and value of the data are not compromised. The Office of Management and Compliance Audits (MAC), in concert with Loss of funding (for example, FEET) due to the transmission of incorrect data to other agencies Unfair penalty or advantage to students due to the transmission of incorrect data (for example, incorrect transcripts resulting in unfair penalty or advantage to students applying for college and/or scholarships) Loss of negotiating or advantage by unauthorized disclosure of lists and other business assets to vendors Liability for incorrect data (including State and Federal penalties) Errors in business decisions due to inaccurate data Negative publicity surrounding the use of incorrect data and subsequent regulatory enforcement Inability to process business transactions in a timely fashion or not at all Sensitive data is defined as any data that should only be viewed by authorized personnel. We will write a custom essay sample on Rtgtg Research Paper Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rtgtg Research Paper Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rtgtg Research Paper Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Data sensitivity is determined by, but not limited to, federal and state laws (including privacy acts), M-DDCD Board Policies, and decisions by senior staff and/or the data owners (see section 2. 1 of this document). 1. 3 Background of M-DDCD Data Security Historically, almost all M-DDCD data was kept on the M-DDCD mainframe at ITS and access was strictly controlled through the use of the mainframe IBM SO/390 Security Servers (RACE). As long as valuable data is kept on the mainframe, this accepted Trinidad-true method of protection will continue to be the mainstay of our mainframe security efforts. Moreover, it provides a model hierarchical protection scheme, which can be used in an expanded network security paradigm. This includes the delegation of local authorization duties to an approved supervisor at the site. Approved supervisors include school principals and department heads. 2. 0 Scope In this document, authorized staff will hereafter be defined as all M-DDCD employees, consultants, vendors, auditors, students, temporary help, volunteers, and others authorized by M-DDCD to use the specific M-DDCD computer systems, applications, and information required for the performance of their Job or function. These specific Page 2 of 2 functions are determined and/or approved by the site supervisor. Authorizations without the site administrators approval is prohibited. Modification of The following is a list of some of the individuals/resources the Network Security Standards apply to: All authorized staff, volunteers, students, and vendors as well as unauthorized parties seeking access to M-DDCD computer resources All M-DDCD mainframes, minicomputers, personal computers, outside timesharing reverie, outside suppliers of data, network systems, wireless devices, M-DDCD- licensed software, switches, routers, hubs, wireless devices, and computer workstations All M-DDCD data and reports derived from these facilities All programs developed on M-DDCD time or using company equipment All terminals, communication lines, and associated equipment on M-DDCD premises or connected to M-DDCD computers over physical or virtual links Any equipment not owned by M-DDCD but connected to the M-DDCD network. All M-DDCD staff and authorized non-staff must be aware of the risks and act in the best interest of M-DDCD. These standards detail staffs responsibilities for computer security. Unauthorized persons who attempt to use M-DDCD computer resources will be prosecuted to the fullest extent possible. 2. 1 Owners of Data All computer files and data are to be associated with a user. In general, unless otherwise specified, the head of the department who requested the creation of the files and programs that store and manipulate the data on the computer is the owner of the data. The owner is responsible for specifying whether the data is sensitive and which user-ids will be authorized to access it, or who will be responsible for giving ouch authorization. 3. Physical Security Adequate building security (both physical and environmental) must be provided for the protection of all physical and logical M-DDCD computer assets and especially sensitive applications and data. Security includes, but is not limited to, lockable doors and windows, limited access, protection from water, fire, and the elements, alarms, access controls, and surveillance devices such as cameras and monitors. Site supervisors must protect all hardware and software assigned to their location. Administrative computers must be segregated from classroom computers. Students ND unauthorized personnel should never have access to administrative machines. Page 3 of 3 4. Non-Mainframe System Security Non-mainframe systems (Local Area Network (LANA) and Wide Area Network (WAN)) must have the same protection methodology in place as do mainframes to ensure MADCAP computer assets are secure. Programmatic methods are to be used to control access to non-mainframe resources. These methods include defining specific users or groups to specific system resources, and use of the least privilege concept for access to all system-level resources such as the operating system, utilities, and databases. Least privilege is defined a s a default of no access to these resources and the requirement of explicit permission and authorization by the owner based on need. Non-Mainframe systems must be provided with: 1 . Auditing/logging of such security-relevant information as log-on information, resource access, and TCP/IP addresses whenever possible. 2. Security modifications and system administrator events. 3. Ability to audit [log specific users and resources on demand. 4. Ability to send specific security sensitive events directly to a specified administrators workstation, terminal, or e-mail, preferably with an audible alarm. . 1 M-DDCD Network Systems Security Network systems include any local area network (LANA)2, wide-area network (WAN)3, dial-up, Internet, servers, server connections, switches, hubs, routers, lines, software, and data that are outside the M-DDCD mainframe system. The security must include both physical and logical layers of protection. As M-DDCD moves from storing and transferring sensitive information used within the M-DDCD in a closed network architecture utilizing private and/or leased lines to an open network architecture using Internet and TCP/IP networks, employees must pay particular attention to the security of these assets. 4. 1. 1 Network Structure, Hierarchy, and Requirements As a statement of direction, all administrative PC-type servers in M-DDCD should migrate to the Windows 2003 (or above) operating system. Microsoft no longer supports Windows NT or Windows 2000 and will not provide fixes or reports for vulnerabilities, including any new ones found. No Windows NT servers are to be connected to the network and every effort must be made to remove Windows 2000 servers currently connected. Since these Operating Systems (SO) are unsupported, there is no anti-virus or patching available for them and they are therefore unprotected. Sensitive data should be moved to a server with a higher level SO. Applications should be updated to work on and be moved too higher level SO if at all possible. If an updated version is not available vendors must be notified that Page 4 of 4 they must provide an updated version of the application as soon as possible. All servers still using Microsoft Windows NT must be migrated to a Windows 2003 or above server platform immediately or disconnected from the network. Administrators of servers currently using Novella, or any other PC network operating system should also strongly consider migrating to Windows 2003 or above Server. Desktops and laptops connected to the network should similarly be migrated to Windows XP SSP or above to take advantage of higher levels of security. 2. The District employs Active Directory Services (ADS), a hierarchical process similar to a pyramid. Information Technology Services has established and maintains the root ADS (the top of the pyramid) for MADCAP and determines local and group policy settings. In Microsoft terms, this structure is best described as a forest. All other District servers will be added to the ITS established Active Directory forest. Below the root in the forest are Organizational Units (Us) that are the school and administrative sites in the District. These local US are simply smaller networks with their own Domain Controllers (DC) that connect to the M-DDCD network. These Dos are under ITS auth ority and are not to be managed in any way by the local OH administrators. Local OH administrators must strictly limit access to their OH from other US as well as the outside. ITS must have Enterprise Administrator rights to all US in the District forest. ITS must provide advanced notification of group policy changes. 4. Computers with Windows xx or earlier are prohibited from being connected to any M-DDCD network. The security features of this level of SO are extremely primitive and leave user accounts vulnerable to a variety of risks, including unencrypted caching of user-ids and passwords. As stated previously in this document, all Windows computer SO must be Windows XP SSP or above. This level SO provides protection from the various strains of worms, which propagate rapidly through networks via computers with a lower level SO. Although Windows 2000 workstations employ a better security paradigm than Windows xx, they are no longer supported by Microsoft and should be replaced and/or removed from the network as soon as possible, as described in preceding sections. 5. All locations must migrate from the original school and District networks to the decathlons network. Most of these are old networks with weak security and must be removed from production immediately. 6. M-DDCD Board Policies/directives/standards regarding the following topics must be read and followed at all times: M-DDCD Acceptable Use Policy of the Network/Lenten for staff http:// www. Enola. Com/mediated-FL/search/policies/p07540. 04. HTML M-DDCD Acceptable Use Policy of the Network/Lenten for students http:// www. Enola. Com/mediated-FL/search/policies/p07540. 03. HTML Page 5 of 5 M-DDCD Board Policy regarding Copyright http://www. Enola. Com/mediated-FL/search/policies/p02531. HTML M-DDCD Board Policy regarding staff use of District e-mail systems http:// www. Lola. Com/mediated-FL/search/policies/p07540. 05. HTML M-DDCD Board Policy regarding student use of District e-mail systems http:// www. Enola. Com/mediated-FL/search/policies/p07540. 06. HTML The Office of Management and Compliance Audits (MAC) web site, which includes the School IT Audit Assessment http://Mac. decathlon s. Net/audits/it. Asp 7. Each department or school must maintain a disaster contingency plan to provide for recovery of data in case of catastrophic loss. At minimum, all MADCAP data must be backed-up once a week and all mission-critical data must be backed-up daily. Data on the backup media will be verified as usable. 8. Administrative computers are defined as non-classroom computers on which M-DDCD requisition and business functions, exempt student academic and demographic data, staff e-mail directives, staff tasks, etc. Are stored and/or viewed. These computers should be kept physically and virtually separate from instructional computers. Students are not to have access, either physical or virtual, to production servers or any administrative computers. 9. Every effort should be made to secure classroom machines on which student testing, test grading and evaluation, grade book activities, and staff e-mail functions are carried out. This includes: a. Installing application passwords and timeouts, b. Up-to-date anti-virus software, c. Separate computers for teacher use only, d. He most current version of the Districts patch- management software to ensure the computer has the most recent software and operating system security patches, e. Installation of anti-spare applications when available, f. Possib le storage of grade and test data on removable (encrypted) media, and g. Limiting unsupervised student access as much as possible individual student accounts or common student accounts (STUDENT) should be separate from teacher accounts. Page 6 of 6 10. All administrative computers and server consoles that are used to access or control sensitive data must have a screen saver timeout and password after a specific period of inactivity or some other lockout mechanism to prevent unauthorized persons from accessing the data via the logged-in users account. The Windows timeout with password is available even if the specific application does not have one. Users should also be in the habit of locking their computer or logging off when they are finished or leaving the computer unattended, even for a brief time (See section 5. 1. 3 in this document). These computers may also have boot-up passwords. The timeout may be temporarily turned off by the local adman when the computer is to be used for presentations or other instructional activities but must be turned back on when the activity has been completed. 1 1 . Classroom computers are defined as computers used by students or servers that once instructional computers. There are to be no administrative applications, especially mainframe sessions, installed on any of these computers or servers. 12. Outside access to M-DDCD networks should only be through hardened Web servers. This means that Web servers should have no other applications running on them and should not connect easily to the rest of the M-DDCD network. Information on Web pages must be kept as current as possible. 13. Access to critical resources should be managed by assigning individuals to a group. The group should be set up with the authority necessary to do the specific job/task or access specific data. This will provide management with a more efficient method to remove access authority when a user no longer is responsible for performing the task. Group membership should be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure all members are appropriate. Under no circumstances should users be assigned data folder or application rights as an individual, except for home folders. 14. Locations maintaining their own network components must keep diagrammed documentation indicating how the network is physically conferred (I. E. , location of servers, switches, routers, etc. ). 15. All software that restricts, prevents or inhibits updates sent by ITS, including, but not limited to Deep Freeze, Fortress, Clean Slate, HAD Guard, and others of this type are not to be installed without written permission from ITS. 16. No form of Wake On Lana (WOOL) tool should be used to automatically turn on computers unless it is for immediate maintenance purposes, such as imaging or to allow monthly updates to be sent. The use of this type of a tool undermines the purpose and effect of the new Power Management Program, which is a District-wide initiative that will save millions of dollars and help reduce emissions (See 5. 0. 17). In addition, local power management settings on PCs should only be altered by ITS. Page 7 of 7 4. 1. 2 Data Access, Transfer and Communication 1 . Firewalls are servers that function as a barrier preventing unauthorized outside access to the M-DDCD network. Exceptions requiring access from the outside must be documented by filling out Its Remote Client Support Agreement IP Entry (FM-6045) (old), or either of the new VPN/Dial-Up Access Request forms (FM-6629, for vendors or employees). ITS will keep firewall audit logs and review them regularly for illicit activity against the firewall. 2. Access to secure mainframe applications via the network requires RACE authorization. 3. Dial-in to the M-DDCD network requires network authorization and access authentication. 4. Accessing District resources using Remote Access Services (RASA) such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), dial-in technology with a modem, from external providers may pose a risk to the network and the data. This provides a back door around network security by giving users a direct connection to a remote server. If remote access is authorized and sensitive/confidential data is to be transmitted, the line must be secured by Virtual Private Network (VPN), Secure Socket Layer (SSL), or some other genealogy that encrypts the data so that it is never transmitted in clear text. Hackers using sniffed technology often scan transmission lines looking for data they can use. Examples include user-ids and passwords, account numbers and financial information, student data deemed exempt from public release by state law, or Human Resource (HRS) data. 5. The use of communications software that provides the ability to remotely take over a network connected PC is prohibited unless authorized by ITS. If it is used, it should be strictly controlled by the local administrator and user. It should be turned on only when support is needed (and the user has given permission, if applicable) and immediately turned off once the support has been provided. Certain remote administration tools, like VAN freeware, are unsupported, have known security vulnerabilities, and are removed when found by the Districts anti-spare. ITS recommends district technical staff uses Damager as a low cost alternative to VAN. 6. Confidential data taken from the District, whether via laptop, Jump drive, removable media like a CD or floppy disk, PDA, e-mail, FTP, printed report, or any other method, must be encrypted, redacted, or otherwise terrorized so if the content falls in the wrong hands it cannot be misused. Agencies outside the school systems secure cloud that engage in File Transfer Protocol (FTP)5 operations or e-mail transmission with the District in which confidential data is transferred are to be encouraged to utilize an encryption process requiring asymmetrical (public and private) keys, such Page 8 of 8 as BGP (Pretty Good Privacy). Transfer of confidential data and any exceptions to the encryption process must be authorized by ITS. 7. Application software that has built- in security functions must have these functions activated when this software involves influential data. In addition, new software purchased to handle confidential data should have security capabilities as documented in sections 5. 1 Usuries and Passwords and 4. 0 Non-Mainframe System Security. 8. Users should be aware that unprotected folders on the network are prey to many different forms of hacking. It is the responsibility of the local site administrator to ensure that this data is secure. 9. Network Administrators, including ITS staff, are prohibited from viewing or otherwise manipulating user files on the users local drive without the permission of he user or the approval of appropriate administrative, legal or police staff unless there is a critical need to do so. Critical need is defined as faulty system function, virus activity, illicit hacking or Internet activities, pornographic or other offensive material activity, or other violations of District policies. These policies include, but are not limited to, the Network and Internet Acceptable Use Policy, the Staff and Student EMail Policies, the Copyright Infringement Policy, the Network Security Standards or any other District policy, Board Policy or directive relating to user conduct. It should e noted that the District e-mail policies discuss the lack of privacy in the e-mail system at length. 10. Personal or vendor-owned devices such as desktops, laptops, Personal Digital Assistants (Pads), etc. , or portable/removable storage devices/media such as Universal Serial Bus (USB) Jump drives should not be connected to any M-DDCD network without network administrator/site supervisor approval. These devices may carry applications, configurations, viruses, etc. That pose a risk to the network or may be used to remove sensitive data from the network. School system technicians may grant approval after,

Deep Vein Thrombosis Essay Example

Deep Vein Thrombosis Essay Example Deep Vein Thrombosis Essay Deep Vein Thrombosis Essay Essay Topic: Deep I am here to talk to you about deep vein thrombosis and about its causes and effects it can have on a person. You all have probably heard about this disease, but most likely have never encountered it. It is generally common to older people around 40 years plus and to people who have not had proper exercise. It is disease of the circulatory system causing a blood clot to form in one of the deep veins in the body, especially in the calf or thigh. This is where blood moves most slowly, and when a deep vein thrombosis occurs the blood goes so slow that it forms a solid wedge-like clot in the vein. Most of the time after the clot has happened pains can be felt where the clot has formed. Also the skin temperature can be raised around the clot and sudden swelling can be seen. Occasionally, some of the surface veins may be more visible than usual. If the clot has formed in the leg then flexing the foot may also cause pain. DVT can be quite easily detected. Scientists have found a way of using ultrasound technology to detect even the tiniest of clots. Another way is to give blood tests which would show the state of a by product of clotting material called D-dimer. If the doctor suspects a DVT, they usually would arrange an ultrasound test. You may think DVTs are life-threatening and easily cause deaths, but they are not. However, the complications can be fatal. The most common and most fatal complication is pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism has a one in three chance of happening. This causes a piece of clot to break away and become lodged inside the lungs causing severe breathing difficulties. This is generally untreated and one in ten people with this die. Rarities include a piece being lodged in other parts of the body, including the brain. This could lead to a stroke. A less serious complication that affects most people after DVT is post-thrombotic syndrome which causes ulceration, swelling and pain at the skin around the vein valves where the DVT has occurred. Around seventy percent of DVT victims need to be cared for in a hospital during the initial stages as the doctors aim to dissolve the clot and stop further clots from forming. The most common type of treatment is to thin the blood, using the drug heparin, to make the blood flow easily. Patients are then given warfarin for several months to stop a haemorrhage from forming. Painkillers are also given as is heat to the area. There are many reasons why DVTs occur. The medical reasons that make them more likely to occur include a family history of the disease, cancer, obesity, and varicose veins. Paralysis or immobility also causes DVT. After a broken leg or major surgery DVTs are common because patients are unable to move discouraging blood flow. Nowadays patients are told to do exercise right from the beginning. Women who are taking the pill are four times more likely to have a DVT than those who are not as are women on hormone replacement therapy. Pregnant women or those who have just given birth are also more likely to experience then. However, the most common cause of a DVT to occur has only been discovered recently. A French study has shown that people who travel for long hours on a car, train or plane, are four times more likely to have a DVT than anyone else. There is an increased risk to air travellers as the inactivity and dehydration, make the blood sticky. Special compression stockings and foot cushions have been invented to reduce the risks of DVT in legs. Taking drug-thinning tablets, i. e. aspirin, before a long flight and waling around in the cabin can make it easy for the blood to climb up the veins, therefore reducing the risk of a DVT. Keeping mobile is vital especially after an operation. DVT has also been part of the media coverage over the past few years. Many newspapers and television news stations have reported on scientists findings and how DVT is a cause for concern. The government pledged over one million pounds into research of DVT and its link with air travel. After this many families of victims called on the many MPs to give better warning about DVT, this lead to TV campaigns and more awareness on planes. Airlines were told to make their planes a lot less cramped as they were also a major factor resulting in a DVT. However, airlines were later being sued for corporate manslaughter after many passengers continued to die due to Deep Vein Thrombosis. Ana article in the Daily Mail on the 22nd of October showed that fifteen families had asked police chiefs nationwide to investigate the deaths and then charge the airline bosses. Earlier in August the RAC foundation had warned drivers are at a risk as well as passengers on long drives. They warned that even younger drivers were at risk from a blood clot as well as older drivers. The foundation proved that it is not only airplanes that cause DVT, but that it is confined spaces and inactivity that causes them as well. The AA also backed this up by giving evidence of a taxi driver who died following long periods of time in his taxi. An inquest had found that he had suffered a DVT and it had moved up into his lungs before killing him. His widow believed the job was most definitely to blame. Many airlines have been forced to give compensation to families of victims and victims themselves. On the 18th of October this year a women won i 13000 from Virgin Atlantic because she suffered a DVT and many other injuries after she was crushed by a 23 stone American women on a flight. She complained to the air crew on board but there were no seats, therefore she had to suffer. Another court case this autumn will secure payments from airlines for half a million pounds for people who have died from DVT.